A short documentary film about the current practice of trying juveniles as adults and/or applying extreme punitive measures. Produced by Chance Films.
]]>Correll, S., Benard, S., & Paik, I. (2007). Getting a Job: Is There a Motherhood Penalty? American Journal of Sociology, 112(5), 1297-1338.
ABSTRACT
Survey research finds that mothers suffer a substantial wage penalty, although the causal mechanism producing it remains elusive. The authors employed a laboratory experiment to evaluate the hypothesis that status-based discrimination plays an important role and an audit study of actual employers to assess its real-world implications. In both studies, participants evaluated application materials for a pair of same-gender equally qualified job candidates who differed on parental status. The laboratory experiment found that mothers were penalized on a host of measures, including perceived competence and recommended starting salary. Men were not penalized for, and sometimes benefited from, being a parent. The audit study showed that actual employers discriminate against mothers, but not against fathers.
]]>YMCA did charge a fee and was affiliated with national organization that had formal exams and courses (172)
Apprenticeship Schools were "all under the direct control of the corporations concerned," e.g. GE (174) Company School Model?
Jones relabels the fourth school grouping as "Public Continuation Schools" when he begins writing about them (175)
PUBLIC CONTINUATION SCHOOLS Evening Schools: - Public evening schools began in mid 19th century, grew in the last 10-15 years. Enrollment in evening schools in 1890 was 150,770, but in 1914 was 614,068 (175)\
In some sates (WHICH?) "cities of a certain size are compelled by law to establish evening schools, while in the majority of states the establisment of such schools is permissive or compulsory on the petition of a certain number of parents or citizens." (176) Was the public demanding these schools be set up? What was the role of parental involvement?
Evening school students included "those who are deficient in the rudiments" (85% native Amercians and foreigners), youth who have finished high school but want more education and demand more for technical/vocational work, and business men who want specific training. (176)
"For foreigners who need to learn to use the English language as quickly as possible special text books and a special technique have been developed in some of our cities . . ." (176)
classes 2 hrs/evening, 4 evenings/wk., 20 wks/yr. ~ 160 hours (177)
"Two of the principal difficulties met with in the administration of evening schools are irregular attendance and lack of proper teachers." (177)
Some charged $1 per term, etc., to be refunded at end of term as a way to increase attendance (177)
"Before the evening school can be truly successful we shall need to have teachers specially adapted to this particular kind of work and specially trained for it." (177)
tried out camp schools similar to evening schools, mostly for teaching English to immigrants (178)
Cooperative Schools: - Partnership btwn business and schools, used PUBLIC $ "These schools are merely modifications of apprenticeship schools where the school is operated and financed by the public and the shop work is under the charge of the factory or other industrial establishment." (178)
alternate weekly attendance - one week at work, one in class (178) Appears to be tied to universities? Example if U of Cincinnati
"The aim is to make the enitre class work as practical as possible and at the same time give cultural elements and so to broadent the horizon of the young apprentice." (179)
advantages: "1) close correlation between shop work and class work; 2) more favorable time for study; 3) possibility of self-support; 4) wider and more general training." (179)
similar problem trying to find qualified teachers who know about the "shop" component and can tie into curriculum (179)
Part time or "continuation schools": - Most similar to German plan (179)
"These schools are in the experimental stage in this country as yet and vary greatly in their organization." (179)
Common features: 1) boys and girls 14-16 yrs. old; 2) 4-8 hours per week, btwn 8am and 6pm. (179)
9 states with laws for CS, states include when they have a compulsory attendance law, lets 14-16 year olds work while also attending school (179) CS becoming compulsory for working youth...
PA in 1916 passed law making it illegal to employ 14-16 yr. old unless enrolled in CS (180)
"These schools are as yet in the experimental stage and, in consequence, have no well defined aim nor course of study, nor have they developed any methods specially adapted to the needs of the pupils. They have been established because of a conviction that the boys and the girls between fourteen and sixteen or older who are at work stil need further school training." (180)
Obstacles: 1) qualified teachers; 2) less class time, 8 hrs/wk.; 3) variability in student needs. (180)
Dual Purpose of CS: "These varying types fo continuation schools ilustrate clearly the double purpose of educaiton as it is seen in this country: 1) to give every individual that educaiton and training which will furnish him equality and opportunity; 2) to educate and train every individual in such a way as to provide for the safety and for the development of the state. The gradual assumption by the state of the organization and support of such work shows the development and enlargement or our edcuational ideal and the widening of our educational horizon." (180-181)
A short documentary film about the current practice of trying juveniles as adults and/or applying extreme punitive measures. Produced by Chance Films.
]]>]]>Policymaking is starting at puberty these days. Berkeley and other cities are drawing teenagers into government in a bid to create politically active -- rather than apathetic -- adults. Although no one tracks the numbers, nine government agencies from San Francisco to Santa Cruz are making room for teenagers on boards and commissions, along with cities across the country.
The phenomenon is called "youth civic engagement,'' and it is being driven in part by celebrity endorsements of political and social causes, moral issue campaigns by religious groups and the growing sophistication of teens who are informing themselves through the Internet.
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A walkway at Sacramento's International Airport is home to an overhead view of the Sacramento River...
via Pruned
]]>]]>"I'm also concerned that requiring municipalities to donate land for school construction purposes will put local officials, especially in our cities, where open space is nearly exhausted, in the position of imposing eminent domain without the state's backing," Mr. Rice said in a statement.
Clackamas High School, Oregon
Oregon is actively seeking to support green designed school buildings.
]]>District building managers report energy savings of as much as 50 percent in the new buildings. Ross Cain, facilities manager for The Dalles School District, said the energy-efficient middle school built two years ago is saving the district about $50,000 a year in energy costs.
he period of the middle grades has seen numerous reforms to improve education for students in early adolescence. However, although several current reforms seek to overhaul middle schools, only a handful of studies have directly compared the effects of different configurations of grades. Our analysis uses district and student data from one of the few American urban districts that contain both middle schools and K8 schools. We compare student outcomes in eighth grade, finding few differences by school type. Only self-esteem and perceived threat differ by type of eighth-grade school. We also show that students' self-esteem benefits academic outcomes, a benefit that primarily accrues to students in middle schools.
Article: K-8 Structure Gives No Academic Boost, Analysis Finds Abstract: Reexamining Middle School Effects: A Comparison of Middle Grades Students in Middle Schools and K-8 Schools
]]>A study in London looked at pollution by taxis, buses, motorcycles and cars...turns out taxis are the greatest polluters. Pedestrians Inhale Less Pollution than Passengers
Teachers, parents, and activists protest mislabeling of Latino and African American students in San Francisco as special ed students. Separate and Unequal
An interview with Marty Black of the Coalition for Community Schools. Coalition for Community Schools Advocates Neighborhood-Centered Schools Across the Country
A look at the plac of schools in smart growth... Schools vital part of Smart Growth strategy
Somewhat naive opinion piece on school choice and suburbia. School choice could be an answer to sprawl
The Planning Center is an ed facility planning/development firm working mostly in Southern California. The Planning Center Instucts Schools on How and Where to Build
What should be the relationship/level of coordination between school boards and city government? Akron Mayor Don Plusquelle Endorses Mayors Being More Responsible for Public Schools
From information aesthetics, a mapping tool for Seattle that shows real estate pricing. Seattle Washington Real Estate at Redfin
The Bush Administration appears to be awarding grants to education organizations affiliated with it by bending the rules. Education Grant Rules were Broken
In a review released by a top House Democrat, the Government Accountability Office detailed three cases in which the department made exceptions to benefit certain applicants. In at least two of those cases, the groups getting money had ties to the Bush administration.
Bronx Charter School for the Arts
Here's a niche in a growing market - Civic Builders in New York takes on one of the most difficult aspects of charter school development, finding real estate. So far, they have completed one project and are currently working on their second.
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